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• 
  สรวง diy หนองจอก
  01/12/24

  Proposed U.S.-Saudi defence treaty would require Senate approval
  
  *
  
  But approval contingent on Saudi recognition of Israel
  
  *
  
  Riyadh wants Israel to first commit to Palestinian statehood
  
  *
  
  Saudi opts instead for more modest U.S. military pact act
  
  *
  
  Cooperation pact would expand joint military exercises
  
  *
  
  Pact would enhance U.S. and Saudi defence firm
  partnerships
  
  By Samia Nakhoul and Pesha Magid
  
  RIYADH, Nov 29 (Reuters) - Saudi Arabia has abandoned its pursuit of an ambitious defence
  treaty with Washington in return for normalising relations
  with Israel and is now pushing for a more modest military cooperation agreement, two Saudi and four Western officials told Reuters.
  
  
  In a drive to get a wide-ranging mutual security treaty over the line
  earlier this year, Riyadh softened its position on Palestinian statehood, telling Washington that a public commitment from Israel to a two-state solution could be enough for the
  Gulf kingdom to normalise relations.
  
  But with public anger in Saudi Arabia and the wider Middle East at fever pitch over Israel's military actions in Gaza,
  Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has again made recognition of Israel
  conditional on it taking concrete steps to create a Palestinian state,
  two Saudi and three Western sources said.
  
  
  Israeli Prime Minster Benjamin Netanyahu is still eager to secure normalisation with the Saudi powerhouse as a historic milestone and a sign of broader acceptance in the Arab world, Western diplomats said.
  
  
  
  But he faces overwhelming opposition at home to any concessions to
  the Palestinians following the Oct. 7 Hamas attacks
  and knows any gesture in the direction of statehood would fracture his ruling coalition, they said.
  
  
  With both leaders shackled for now by their domestic powerbases, Riyadh and Washington hope a
  more modest defence pact could be sealed before President Joe Biden leaves the White House in January,
  the sources said.
  
  A full-blown U.S.-Saudi treaty would need to pass the U.S.
  Senate with a two-thirds majority - and this would be
  a non-starter unless Riyadh recognises Israel, the six
  sources said.
  
  The pact now under discussion would involve expanding
  joint military exercises and drills to address regional threats, mainly
  from Iran. It would foster partnerships between U.S.
  and Saudi defence firms, with safeguards to prevent collaboration with China, the sources
  said.
  
  The agreement would promote Saudi investment in advanced technologies, especially drone defence.
  The U.S. would increase its presence in Riyadh through training, logistics and
  cyber security support, and may deploy a Patriot missile battalion to
  enhance missile defence and integrated deterrence.
  
  But it would not be the kind of binding mutual defence
  treaty that would oblige U.S. forces to protect
  the world's biggest oil exporter in the event of foreign attack.
  
  
  "Saudi Arabia will get a security deal which will allow more military cooperation and sales of U.S. weapons, but not a defence treaty similar to that of Japan or South Korea as initially sought," said Abdelaziz al-Sagher, head of the Gulf Research Institute think-tank in Saudi
  Arabia.
  
  THE TRUMP DILEMMA
  
  The picture is complicated further, however,
  by the impending arrival of Donald Trump in the White House.
  
  
  While Trump's plan to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict excludes any provisions for Palestinian statehood or sovereignty, he is
  a close ally of the Saudi crown prince.
  
  Palestinian and some Arab officials worry that Trump and his son-in-law Jared
  Kushner - architect of the "Deal of the Century" and also a close ally of the crown prince - may ultimately persuade him to support
  the plan.
  
  How the prince reconciles Saudi priorities with this shifting diplomatic landscape will be pivotal, defining both his leadership and the future of the peace process,
  diplomats said.
  
  The current U.S. administration has not given up hope for
  a deal on security guarantees before Biden leaves
  office in January, but a number of obstacles remain. One person in Washington familiar with the talks said there was reason to be sceptical about whether there was enough time
  to strike a deal.
  
  U.S. officials are mindful that the kingdom is still interested in formally cementing the guarantees it
  has been seeking, especially to gain access to more advanced weapons, but are uncertain whether it would prefer to get it done under Biden, or wait for Trump, the source said.
  
  
  "We continue to discuss and have many lines of effort on the table (with the Saudis)," the U.S.
  official said.
  
  The White House National Security Council declined comment when asked about efforts
  toward reaching a deal on U.S. security guarantees for
  Saudi Arabia.
  
  A defence treaty giving Saudi Arabia U.S. military protection in exchange for recognising Israel would reshape
  the Middle East by uniting two long-time foes and binding Riyadh to Washington at a time when China is making inroads in the region.
  
  It would allow the kingdom to shore up its security
  and ward off threats from Iran and its Houthi allies, to avoid a repeat of the 2019 strikes on its oil
  facilities, which Riyadh and Washington both blamed on Tehran. Iran has denied any role.
  
  
  A senior Saudi official said the treaty was 95% complete
  but Riyadh opted to discuss an alternative agreement, given it was not doable without normalisation with Israel.
  
  
  
  Netanyahu's office did not comment when asked about the Saudi position on Palestinian statehood.
  
  
  Depending on the format, a scaled-down cooperation agreement could
  be approved without going through Congress before Biden leaves office,
  two of the sources said.
  
  There were other stumbling blocks in the negotiations to secure a mutual defence treaty.
  
  
  For instance, there was no progress in the talks
  about civil nuclear cooperation because Saudi Arabia refused to sign a
  so-called 123 Agreement with the U.S. that would have denied
  Riyadh the right to nuclear enrichment, the six sources said.
  
  
  Saudi objections to articles related to human rights proved to be another area of disagreement, one Saudi source
  close to the talks told Reuters.
  
  'THE BIG PRIZE'
  
  While the Saudi leadership strongly advocates Palestinian statehood, it remains uncertain,
  according to diplomats, how the crown prince would respond if Trump revives the deal he
  floated in 2020 to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
  
  
  The plan marks a dramatic shift in U.S. policy and international
  agreements by overtly aligning with Israel and deviating sharply from the
  long-standing land-for-peace framework that has historically guided negotiations.
  
  
  
  It would allow Israel to annex vast stretches of
  land in the occupied West Bank, including Israeli settlements and the Jordan Valley, and recognises Jerusalem as the "undivided capital of Israel" - effectively denying Palestinian claims to East Jerusalem as their capital, a central aspiration in their statehood goals and in accordance with
  U.N. resolutions.
  
  By legitimising Israeli annexations, the Trump plan is viewed by many as a severe blow to the two-state solution and
  Palestinian hopes of statehood.
  
  Saudi officials insist that the creation of a Palestinian state in accordance
  with previous international agreements, including East Jerusalem as its capital, remains
  an essential condition for long-term regional
  peace and stability.
  
  Without it the cycle of violence will continue to jeopardise any normal relations, they say.
  
  
  
  "How can we imagine a region integrated if we sidestep the Palestinian issue?" a senior Saudi official said.
  "You can't prevent the Palestinian right to self-determination."
  
  And in some of the harshest criticism of Israel
  since the start of the Gaza war, the Crown Prince Mohammed called Israel's military
  actions in Gaza "collective genocide" in his address to an Arab and Islamic
  summit in Riyadh this month.
  
  The potential for Saudi normalisation with Israel, however, could be revisited in the future, perhaps once the
  dust settles after the Gaza war - and possibly under a different Israeli government, diplomats
  said.
  
  Fawaz Gerges, a Middle East expert at the
  London School of Economics, said Trump would leverage all possible
  avenues to secure historic normalisation between Saudi Arabia and Israel.
  
  
  "For Trump, Saudi Arabia is the big prize," said Gerges.
  
  
  "As to how normalisation could happen despite repeated Saudi leaders insistence they will not recognise Israel until a real path to a Palestinian state is set, Trump could promise a ceasefire in Gaza in return for normalisation and tentative promise to support a Palestinian state, without obliging Israel to make any real concessions to the Palestinians."
  
  (Reporting by Samia Nakhoul and Pesha Magid in Riyadh; Additional reporting
  by Matt Sptalnick in Washington and Crispian Balmer in Jerusalem; Writing by
  Samia Nakhoul; Editing by David Clarke)